„Substituting supervised learning support at school for time spent on homework (where family inputs play a greater role in students’ success) is more likely to reduce inequities than increasing instruction time to cover additional curriculum content.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Equity and Inclusion in Education - Finding Strength through Diversity (2023), S. 245.

„Schools in high-performing education systems tend to provide a room where students can do their homework, and school staff offer help with students’ homework.“
OECD (Hrsg.), PISA 2022 Results, Vol.II. Learning During – and From – Disruption (2023), S. 168.

„Education systems where more students spend up to two hours per day doing homework tended to score higher in mathematics, on average. By contrast, those systems where more students spend three hours or more on homework tended to score lower in mathematics.“
OECD (Hrsg.), PISA 2022 Results, Vol.II. Learning During – and From – Disruption (2023), S. 188.

„Education systems where more students spent up to an hour per day on homework tended to show a greater sense of belonging at school; but systems where students spent more than two hours per day on homework showed a weaker sense of belonging, after accounting for per capita GDP.“
OECD (Hrsg.), PISA 2022 Results, Vol.II. Learning During – and From – Disruption (2023), S. 188.

„PISA 2022 collected information about how much time per day students spend doing homework during a typical school week. On average across OECD countries, students reported that they spend 1.5 hours per day on homework during a typical school week.“
OECD (Hrsg.), PISA 2022 Results, Vol.II. Learning During – and From – Disruption (2023), S. 191.
Österreich gehört mit 1,3 Stunden zu den Staaten mit wenig Hausübungen. (Quelle: OECD, PISA-2022-Datenbank, Table II.B1.5.56.)

„On average across OECD countries in 2022, 74 % of students attended a school that provides a room where students can do their homework, 62 % of students attended a school where staff provides help with homework, and 51 % of students attended a school that provides peer-to-peer tutoring.“
OECD (Hrsg.), PISA 2022 Results, Vol.II. Learning During – and From – Disruption (2023), S. 197f.

„PISA results show that socio-economically advantaged students and students who attend socio-economically advantaged schools tend to spend more time doing homework.“
OECD (Hrsg.), PISA 2022 Results, Vol.II. Learning During – and From – Disruption (2023), S. 201f.

„Homework has been found to have a positive effect on learning outcomes, especially in secondary education. Homework allows students to practice the material and develop skills to work independently.“
EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), Investing in our future: quality investment in education and training (2022), S. 56.

„Children who regularly complete homework have better school outcomes than children who do not. This association is stronger at secondary school than primary school, where the evidence base is also more secure. Homework has a number of potential benefits including consolidation of what has been learned in lessons, preparation for subsequent lessons and tests, and the development of independent learning skills.“
EEF (Hrsg.), Working with Parents to Support Children’s Learning. Guidance . Guidance Report (2021), S. 16.

„The data show no relationship between the time students spend studying, whether in or outside of school, and their satisfaction with life. And while educators often argue that anxiety is the natural consequence of testing overload, the frequency of tests is also unrelated to students’ level of school-related anxiety.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Learning from the Past, Looking for the Future (2021), S. 36.

„When designed well, homework can also be beneficial for students, such as for long-term development of children’s motivation, strategies for coping with mistakes and setbacks and the time for children to develop positive beliefs about achievement.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Curriculum Overload: A Way Forward (2020), S. 87.

„Homework can have a positive influence on student achievement and also on the development of attitudes towards achievement, such as motivation and self-regulation. […] PISA findings also suggest that homework can help students succeed academically. Students who spend more time doing homework tended to score higher in mathematics, even after accounting for their social and demographic background.“
OECD (Hrsg.), PISA 2018 Results. Effective Policies, Successful Schools (2020), S. 142.

„PISA shows that socio-economically advantaged students and students who attend socio-economically advantaged schools tend to spend more time doing homework.“
OECD (Hrsg.), PISA 2018 Results. Effective Policies, Successful Schools (2020), S. 142.

„In high-performing education systems, schools tend to provide a room where students can do their homework, and school staff provides help with students’ homework.“
OECD (Hrsg.), PISA 2018 Results. Effective Policies, Successful Schools (2020), S. 148.

„Es ist nicht die Zeit an sich, die sich auf die Leistung der Schüler/innen positiv auswirkt, sondern die Anstrengung, die Schüler/innen innerhalb dieser Zeit in die Hausaufgabenbearbeitung investieren.“
BIFIE (Hrsg.), Lesekompetenz der 10-Jährigen im Trend (2019), S. 222.

„According to the OECD, fifteen-year-old pupils from Shanghai spend on average 13.8 hours per week doing homework, and many attend 'cram' schools on top of that. These schools offer afternoon sessions, which start after the end of regular classes and continue late into the evening.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Matthias Doepke u. a., „Love, Money and Parenting“ (2019), S. 288

USA: „The way adolescents socialize has fundamentally shifted, moving toward online activities and away from face-to-face social interaction. Other activities that typically do not involve screens have also declined: Adolescents spent less time attending religious services, less time reading books and magazines, and (perhaps most crucially) less time sleeping. These declines are not due to time spent on homework, which has declined or stayed the same.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. John F. Helliwell u.a., World Happiness Report 2019 (2019), S. 90.

Südkorea: „Secondary students spend more hours studying than in any other OECD country that participated in the 2015 PISA programme: 51 hours, compared to the 44 hour average.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Investing in Youth. Korea (2019), S. 14.

„The PISA 2012 report indicates that students in Shanghai spent more time on homework than their peers, spending approximately 13.8 hr a week on homework compared to the OECD average of 4.9 hr.“
Wenjie Yang u. a., „Post-PISA Education Reforms in China: Policy Response Beyond the Digital Governance of PISA“. In: „ECNU Review of Education“, 2019, Vol. 2(3), S. 300

„In Klassen, in denen die Lehrkräfte regelmäßig Hausaufgaben erteilten, fand sich im Durchschnitt eine günstigere Leistungsentwicklung als in Klassen mit geringerer Hausaufgabenhäufigkeit. Auch die Qualität der Hausaufgaben […] machte einen Unterschied. Die Hausaufgabenvergabe scheint also durchaus von Relevanz zu sein.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ulrich Trautwein, Osnabrücker Zeitung online am 12. Mai 2018

„Viele Eltern, die ihr Kind bei der Hausaufgabenerledigung unterstützen wollen, fördern stattdessen dessen Unselbstständigkeit. […] Die Forschung zeigt, dass elterliche Unterstützung bei den Hausaufgaben insgesamt weniger effektiv ist, als meist angenommen wird, und es zudem häufig zu Streit zwischen Eltern und Schülern kommt.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ulrich Trautwein, Osnabrücker Zeitung online am 12. Mai 2018

Deutschland: „Der von den Kindern mehrheitlich präferierte Ort zum Erledigen der Hausaufgaben ist das eigene Zuhause. 59 % der Kinder geben an, ihre Hausaufgaben am liebsten zu Hause zu machen, wobei Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund häufiger angeben, ihre Hausaufgaben lieber in der Schule erledigen zu wollen.“

LBS (Hrsg.), „LBS-Kinderbarometer. Deutschland 2018“ (2018), S. 25

„Nach eigenen Angaben verbringen Jugendliche im Durchschnitt insgesamt 97 Minuten pro Tag mit Schulaufgaben. […] Deutliche Unterschiede im zeitlichen Engagement für die Schule zeigt die Betrachtung nach Geschlecht. Während Mädchen täglich im Schnitt 115 Minuten für die Schule aufwenden, investieren Jungen mit 80 Minuten deutlich weniger Zeit.“

mpfs (Hrsg.), „JIM-Studie 2017“ (2017), S. 52

Anm.: Laut Eigenangabe widmen 12- bis 17-Jährige täglich durchschnittlich knapp drei Stunden (166 Minuten) sozialen Medien. (Quelle: DAK (Hrsg.), „WhatsApp, Instagram und Co. – so süchtig macht Social Media“ (2018), S. 8)

„PISA reports reveal that time allocated to after-school study, and particularly to homework, is associated with higher academic achievement.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Education in Lithuania“ (2017), S. 112

„Homework is one of the most widely used practices through which children are seen as learning the lesson that hard work pays off.“

Dr. Richard Göllner u. a., „Is doing your homework associated with becoming more conscientious?“. In: Journal of Research in Personality 71 (2017), S. 1

„In most countries around the world, students spend a substantial amount of time working on homework in subjects like mathematics or language. Typically, more homework is assigned in higher grades than in lower grades, and several literature reviews suggest that homework is associated with achievement gains.“

Dr. Richard Göllner u. a., „Is doing your homework associated with becoming more conscientious?“. In: Journal of Research in Personality 71 (2017), S. 2

„Personal development is achieved by creating situations where students must utilize good time management skills in order to get their work done. Students have to control the amount of time they spend on different tasks, establish work schedules, build study skills, and learn to deal with distractions at home.“

Dr. Richard Göllner u. a., „Is doing your homework associated with becoming more conscientious?“. In: Journal of Research in Personality 71 (2017), S. 2

„In these Asian countries/economies, spending many hours on homework and in additional instruction seems to be central to the life of top-performing students.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA 2015. Students’ Well-Being“ (2017), S. 76

„‚Dass Hausaufgaben keine gute Wirkung haben, ist nicht richtig. Klassen von Lehrern, die regelmäßig Hausaufgaben geben, stehen im Vergleich besser da.‘ Schüler lernten darüber hinaus, sich selbst zu organisieren.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ulrich Trautwein, www.news4teachers.de am 9. Juni 2016

„Doing homework can help students identify and apply material they have learned, provide additional stimulation for highperforming students, and guarantee that struggling students are learning the basics.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA 2015 Results (Volume II): Policies and Practices for Successful Schools (2016), S. 216

„In Beijing-Shanghai-Jiangsu-Guangdong (China) students spend 30 hours per week learning at school, and 27 hours after school.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA 2015 Results (Volume II): Policies and Practices for Successful Schools (2016), S. 227

„Students in Shanghai are found to have one of the heaviest homework loads as revealed by the student questionnaire on the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) tests, with about 11 hours per week devoted to homework.“

Weltbank (Hrsg.), „How Shanghai Does It“ (2016), S. 95

Österreich: 4,5 Stunden; OECD-Mittelwert: 4,9 Stunden

„Across OECD countries, low performers in mathematics spend about 3.5 hours per week on homework, almost two hours less than students across the entire school system who score above the baseline proficiency level in mathematics“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Low-Performing Students“ (2016), S. 106

„Performance in mathematics is strongly associated with the time spent on homework.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Low-Performing Students“ (2016), S. 108

„Most education systems expect 15-year-olds to complete academic tasks after school hours. Homework is generally assigned to expand students’ knowledge, ensure that the material covered in class is understood and retained, and/or to help low performers catch up with their better-performing peers.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Low-Performing Students“ (2016), S. 104

„Across OECD countries, girls spend 5.5 hours per week doing homework, while boys spend a little less than 4.5 hours, on average. For each hour per week students spend doing homework, their score in reading, mathematics and science is 4 points higher, on average.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „The ABC of Gender Equality in Education“ (2015), S. 36

In Österreich verbringen Mädchen im Schnitt 5,1 Stunden pro Woche mit Hausübungen, Burschen 3,9 Stunden. (Quelle: OECD (Hrsg.), „The ABC of Gender Equality in Education“ (2015), Table 2.10a)

„Students who spend more time doing homework tend to have better results in reading, mathematics and science.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „The ABC of Gender Equality in Education“ (2015), S. 156

„The very process of devising and organising a homework plan can help students develop self-regulation and perseverance, learn how to set goals and sub-goals for themselves, and follow through. It also teaches students about the perils of procrastination when facing binding deadlines.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „The ABC of Gender Equality in Education“ (2015), S. 156

„The average learning time in regular mathematics lessons is positively related to students’ performance at the school level, and schools whose students spend more hours on homework and other study time set by teachers tend to perform better in PISA 2012.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Education Policy Outlook 2015 – Making Reforms Happen“ (2015), S. 81

„Homework helps students practice what they have learned in class and crystallises acquired knowledge into long-term memory.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „The ABC of Gender Equality in Education“ (2015), S. 156

Südkorea: „Der Schultag dauert acht oder mehr Stunden, nach dem Abendessen geht es mit Nachhilfe weiter. Wenn die Jugendlichen ihre Hausaufgaben gemacht haben, ist es häufig schon 23 Uhr.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Lee Joon-Koo, Die Presse online am 3. Dezember 2013

„Schools whose students spend more hours on homework or other study set by teachers tend, on average, to perform better, even after accounting for the socio-economic status and demographic background of students and schools and various other school characteristics“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Lessons from PISA 2012 for the United States“ (2013), S. 47

„Überraschen muss allerdings, dass die Ganztagsschul-Eltern sich genauso intensiv wie die Halbtagsschul-Eltern um Hausaufgabenkontrollen, Lernstoff-Erarbeitungen und vorbereitende Hilfen für Klassenarbeiten kümmern. Und die Schüler/innen der Ganztagsschulen erhalten auch genauso häufig wie die Halbtagsschüler/innen privat finanzierten Nachhilfeunterricht (jeweils ca. 15 %).“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dagmar Killus u. a., „Eltern ziehen Bilanz“ (2012), S. 35

„Parents of all backgrounds in Pacific Asia take homework seriously and it is not unusual for children to spend three or four hours each evening on homework.“

IPPR (Hrsg.), „Oceans of Innovation“ (2012), S. 43

„Die Häufigkeit der Hausaufgaben-Vergabe ist positiv mit Leistungszuwachs assoziiert, während für den Umfang der Hausaufgaben […] ein nur unwesentlicher Zusammenhang mit einem Leistungszuwachs resultiert.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ludwig Haag, „Hausaufgaben - Ihre Stellung in der heutigen Schule“ in „Schulverwaltung. Bayern“, 33, 2010, S. 307